{"id":918,"date":"2025-10-28T08:30:19","date_gmt":"2025-10-28T08:30:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/naaia.ai\/news\/ai-act-obligations-general-purpose-ai-models-gpai\/"},"modified":"2026-06-02T13:54:54","modified_gmt":"2026-06-02T13:54:54","slug":"ai-act-obligations-general-purpose-ai-models-gpai","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/naaia.ai\/en\/ai-act-obligations-general-purpose-ai-models-gpai\/","title":{"rendered":"AI Act x GPAI: The obligations for general-purpose AI model providers (GPAI)"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">General-purpose AI models (GPAI) play a central role in innovation due to their ability to perform a multitude of tasks and to be easily integrated into various downstream systems. However, this generality imposes specific regulatory responsibilities on their providers. The European AI Regulation (AI Act) establishes a clear framework. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The obligations for general-purpose AI model providers came into effect on August 2, 2025. Are you ready to navigate this new compliance landscape? <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This article breaks down the key obligations, critical thresholds, deadlines, and implementation paths, including through adherence to codes of good practice.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">What is a general-purpose AI model (GPAI)?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Regulation (AI Act), in its Article 3, point 63, generally lists the factors that determine whether a model is a general-purpose AI model:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>It is trained using a large amount of data through large-scale self-supervision.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It exhibits significant generality.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It is capable of competently performing a wide range of distinct tasks.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It can be integrated into a variety of downstream systems or applications.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Models used for research, development, or prototyping activities prior to their market release are excluded from this definition.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The European Commission, in its guidelines, takes an approach based on the amount of computing resources used to train the model. It proposes an indicative criterion where, as a benchmark, a model may be considered GPAI if its training computation exceeds 10\u00b2\u00b3 FLOPs (floating point operations) and if it is capable of generating language (text or audio), text-to-image, or text-to-video.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">However, this is not an absolute rule:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Models below this threshold may be included if they exhibit significant generality;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Conversely, models exceeding this threshold may be excluded if they do not meet this generality criterion.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Compliance timeline: what are the key deadlines?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The obligations for GPAI providers entered into force on August 2, 2025.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>For models placed on the market after August 2, 2025<\/strong>: Providers must immediately comply with transparency and policy adaptation obligations.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>For models placed on the market before August 2, 2025<\/strong>: A compliance grace period is granted until August 2, 2027. Providers are not required to retrain or delete training data if this is technically impossible or disproportionate.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Although the obligations apply from August 2, 2025, the Commission will not have enforcement powers before August 2, 2026.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Obligations incumbent on GPAI providers<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">All general-purpose AI model providers are subject to a series of essential obligations mainly defined in Article 53 of the AI Act.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Transparency and documentation<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Providers must develop and maintain technical documentation for the authorities, describing the model\u2019s functioning and key characteristics.<br>They must also provide appropriate documentation to downstream providers, enabling them to integrate the model with full awareness and meet their own regulatory obligations.<br>Finally, a summary of the training data content must be made publicly available.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Copyright and training content transparency<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">How to ensure compliance with intellectual property law?<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Providers must implement a copyright compliance policy ensuring that the data used for model training complies with applicable legislation.<br>The Code of Good Practice for General-Purpose AI provides detailed guidance on how to meet this obligation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Representatives for providers established in third countries<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">GPAI providers established in third countries must, by written mandate, designate a representative established in the Union (Article 54) before placing their model on the EU market.<br>This representative is authorized to verify the technical documentation, keep it available for authorities for ten years, and cooperate with the AI Office.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Enhanced obligations for systemic-risk GPAIs (Articles 51 and 55)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">General-purpose AI models presenting systemic risk are subject to additional obligations, even when released under open-source licenses. These models stand out for their high-impact capabilities, likely to cause significant effects on safety, fundamental rights, or society as a whole.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A model may be recognized as systemic-risk based on its high-impact capacity (total compute used for its training exceeds 10\u00b2\u2075 FLOPs) or by decision of the European Commission.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Affected providers must notably:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Assess and document risks associated with the model;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Implement mitigation and monitoring measures to limit potential impacts;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Promptly report serious incidents to competent authorities;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ensure a high level of cybersecurity to protect the model and its infrastructure.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Exemptions for open-source models: an essential nuance<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Open-source model providers may be exempted from certain obligations if:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The license allows access, use, modification, and distribution;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The model is not directly monetized (no dual license or exclusive paid hosting);<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The weights, architecture, and usage data are public;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The model does not present systemic risk.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Remaining obligations:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Implement an EU copyright compliance policy.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Publish a summary of training data.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Voluntary compliance: the Code of Good Practice<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">GPAI providers may rely on the Code of Good Practice published on July 10, 2025, covering at least the obligations under Articles 53 and 55 of the AI Act. <a href=\"https:\/\/digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu\/en\/policies\/contents-code-gpai\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Adherence to this code is voluntary.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Complying with the AI Act: uncompromising GPAI obligation management<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Complying with GPAI obligations under the AI Act is not a mere formality: it requires proactive, structured, and uncompromising management to navigate effectively within a complex framework.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/naaia.ai\/request-demo\/\">Discover the Naaia platform and schedule a demo.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>General-purpose AI models (GPAI) play a central role in innovation due to their ability to perform a multitude of tasks and to be easily integrated into various downstream systems. However,&hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/naaia.ai\/en\/ai-act-obligations-general-purpose-ai-models-gpai\/\">Lire la suite<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":917,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[46],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-918","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ai-governance-blog"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/naaia.ai\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/918","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/naaia.ai\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/naaia.ai\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/naaia.ai\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/naaia.ai\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=918"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/naaia.ai\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/918\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2380,"href":"https:\/\/naaia.ai\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/918\/revisions\/2380"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/naaia.ai\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/917"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/naaia.ai\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=918"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/naaia.ai\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=918"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/naaia.ai\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=918"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}